LITERATURE I

Literature – as language is our greatest invention, so is literature our greatest art.
- art of written works
- acquaintance with letters

Philippine Literature – associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic languages.

Reasons for Studying Literature

1. To benefit from the insight of others. The body of world literature contains most available knowledge about humanity--our beliefs, our self-perception, our philosophies, our assumptions and our interactions with the world at large. Some of life's most important lessons are subtly expressed in our art. We learn these lessons only if we pause to think about what we read. Why would anyone bury important ideas? Because some ideas cannot be expressed adequately in simple language, and because the lessons we have to work for are the ones that stick with us.

2. To open our minds to ambiguities of meaning. While people will "say what they mean and mean what they say" in an ideal world, language in our world is, in reality, maddeningly and delightfully ambiguous. If you go through life expecting people to play by your rules, you'll only be miserable, angry and disappointed. You won't change them. Ambiguity, double entendres and nuance give our language depth and endless possibility. Learn it. Appreciate it. Revel in it.

3.To explore other cultures and beliefs. History, anthropology and religious studies provide a method of learning about the cultures and beliefs of others from the outside looking in. Literature, on the other hand, allows you to experience the cultures and beliefs of others first-hand, from the inside looking out. The only other way to have such a personal understanding of others' beliefs are to adopt them yourself--which most of us aren't willing to do. If you understand where other people are coming from, you are better equipped to communicate meaningfully with them--and they with you.

4. To appreciate why individuals are the way they are. Each person we meet represents a unique concoction of knowledge, beliefs, and experiences. In our own culture we find an infinite variety of attitudes and personalities, hatreds and bigotries, and assumptions. With each exposure to those who differ from us, we expand our minds. We may still reject their beliefs and assumptions, but we're one step closer to understanding them.

5. To expand our grasp of the machinations of history. History and literature are inextricably entertwined. History is not just names and dates and politics and wars and power. History is about people who were products of their time with their own intricately-woven value systems. Study of literature enhances our appreciation of history's complexity, which in turn expands our appreciation of present political complexities and better equips us to predict and prepare for the future.

6. To exercise our brains. Our brains need exercise just like our bodies do. Don't balk at picking up the barbell and doing a few mental curls. Great literature has hidden meanings that won't slap us in the face like childrens' books will; we'll have to dig and analyze like an adult to find the gold.

7. To teach us to see individual bias. In a sense, each of us is an unreliable or naive narrator, but most of us mindlessly accept the stories of certain friends or family without qualification. We should remember that they are centers of their own universes, though, just like we are. They are first-person narrators--not omniscient--just like we are. The only thing that suffers when we appreciate individual bias is our own gullibility.

8. To encourage us to question "accepted" knowledge. As children, most of us were taught to believe what we're told and those basic hypotheses provide our schemas, or building blocks of knowledge. As we grow, we learn to question some ideas while rejecting the offensively alien ideas outright, often without real examination. However, human progress often results from the rejection of assumed "facts." The difficulty lies in spotting our own unexamined assumptions. The more ideas we expose yourself to, the more of our own assumptions we can root out to question and either discard or ground our lives in.

9. To help us see ourselves as others do. Literature is a tool of self-examination. You will see your own personality or habits or assumptions in literature. The experience may even be painful. While our ego defense systems help us avoid self-scrutiny and ignore others' observations or reactions to us, literature serves as a mirror, revealing us to ourselves in all our naked, undefended glory.

10. To appreciate the contributions literature has made to history. The pen is mightier than the sword, yes? When a country undergoes regime change, the new regime imprisons, exiles or executes the intelligentsia--scholars and philosophers--who are seen as the keepers of the culture, creators of ideology, and instigators of revolt. See Russian, Chinese, and German history for examples. In American history, see the copious examples of pro- and anti-slavery literature as well as Thomas Paine's and Thomas Jefferson's contributions to the American Revolution.

11. To see the tragedy. Lenin said "A million deaths are a statistic, but one death is a tragedy." History gives you the statistics. Literature shows you the human tragedy.

12. To further our mastery of language. Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words build and destroy nations. Study of literature hones our language skills and teaches us new and valuable techniques for communication. A master of language can seduce your emotions and inspire you to follow him into death--or he can crush your will with a word. Language is the single most important tool of leadership and great leaders embrace its study.

13. To recognize language devices and appreciate their emotional power. Like good music, poetry uses wordplay, rhythm, and sounds to lull the reader into an emotional fog, and therein deliver its message. Great leaders learn to harness these techniques of communication and persuasion. Listen closely to effective advertisements and politicians and lawyers. Listen to the pleasing rhythm and wordplay of their mantras, and watch the sheep blithely flock to them: "It does not fit--you must aquit!" "Crisp and clean and no caffeine!" Politicians use prolific parallelism: "We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail."

14. To explore ethical complexities. Only children find ethical rules cut and dried. Literature forces readers to challenge their simplistic ethical conceptions and sometimes their outright condemnation of others' actions. For example, we believe lying is wrong. But what do we mean? Do we never lie? Have you ever met a person rude enough to follow this rule implicitly? Be advised, though: ethical exploration is a mature endeavor; it is not for the thin-skinned.

15. To see the admirable in everyday life. We are surrounded by unsung nobility and sacrifice. Once we learn to see it in the actions of common folk, our lives will be forever richer, as will our faith in humanity itself.

16. To learn better ways to behave. An untold amount of our opinions and words and reactions are absorbed during childhood and from our culture. Literature teaches us better courses of action and more effective responses to situations...if we let it.

17. To know we aren't alone. Others have been where we are, have felt as we feel, have believed as we believe. Paradoxically, we are unique just like everyone else. But we aren't alone. Others were here and they survived...and may have even learned from it--and so may we.

18. To refine our judgment. This involves several aspects of reading: exposure to new ideas and new ways of looking at old assumptions, expanded vocabulary and understanding, and improved ability to write. Altogether, these benefits refine our ability to think, and thus guide us toward informed, mature judgment.

19. To learn to support our points of view and trust our own interpretations. We provide evidence for our interpretation of a story or poem when we explicate it. When we build a solid case in support of our opinion, we build self-confidence in our own interpretations of language itself.

20. To develop empathy for those who are unlike us. Literature can train and exercise our ability to weep for those who are not us or ours. As children, our circles of concern stop with ourselves. As we grow, we expand those circles to our families and friends, and perhaps to our neighborhoods, towns, cities, states or countries. Our study of literature continues to expand that realm of concern beyond the things we physically experience.

21. To expand our vocabularies. New words are tools for grasping new ideas. Each new idea is a building block upon which we may acquire more knowledge. Knowledge is power.

22. To improve our writing skills. We didn't perfect our writing skills in grade school or high school. Many people have failed to grasp the basics by 18. We learn to speak by listening and imitating; we learn to write by reading and imitating.

23. To learn to use our language well. In order to do this, we must immerse ourselves in it. Since most college graduates tend to use words a fifth-grader can understand when speaking, simply speaking the language is insufficient for continued improvement. Literature, however, presents at infinite variety of ideas, words and expressions.

24. To improve our reading comprehension. Most people stop improving their reading comprehension in high school, if not before. Improvement in this area pays obvious dividends throughout our professional careers. We improve by reading and analyzing what we read.

The Language of Literature

To all my students in Literature 1, kindly copy the following.

THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE

What is distinctive about the language of literature?

One of the views of literature suggested in our previous discussion is that literature involves a special, or unusual, use of language. Let us explore this idea further and consider any classroom implications arising from it.

Here are a number of different texts. Read through each one and decide whether or not you think it is a literary text. If not, then think about where the text might have come from. Note down any language in the text which helped you to make your decisions.

1. As this is small Edwardian terraced house with natural light, Venetian blinds were chosen to cover the windows. They screen the street scene during the day and add to the impressions of space given by the light walls and modern furniture. Curtains in deep coral would have looked heavy, but the sunshine that streams through the blinds keeps the overall effects light.

2. Three grey geese in a field grazing.
Gray were the geese and green was the grazing.

3. As Democrats head toward a showdown with President Bush on Iraq, a leading Republican warned that they are making an all – too – familiar mistake: not listening to seasoned commanders. Rep. C.W. Bill Young (news, bio, voting record), R – Fla., said catastrophe always follows when civilians turn a deaf ear to their military officers. In the 2003 run – up to the war, Young said in an interview, administration officials dismissed a top Army officer’s estimate that securing Iraq would probably require several hundred thousand troops.

4. Give me a pure heart that I may see You, a humble heart that I may hear You, a heart of love that I may serve You, a heart of faith that I may abide in you.

5. Was this the face that launched a thousand ships,
And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?

6. His breast of chicken with tarragon and girolles goes back to the classic French repertoire: the skin of the fowl crisped to the gold, odorifeously swathed in a thick creamy sauce, golden also, piled with fleshy mushrooms fried in butter till they take on the gleam of varnished wood.

7. The acting crowd is usually the most interesting type to students of sociology because of its well – known behavior. In the acting crowds, the emotion of the group becomes intense, and the crowd performs collective action toward an object. Another more popular name for this type of crowd is the term mob. We frequently read newspapers accounts about mob behavior.

8. We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and ocean, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.

9. One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

10. One day at the pillar, three studs startled Stripe. Three big caterpillars had fallen from some place and smashed. Two seemed dead but one still wiggled. Stripe whispered, “What happened? Can I help?” He made out just a few words. “The top they’ll see…butterflies alone…”the caterpillar died.

11. I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work – a life’s work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit, something which do not exist before. So this award is only mine in trust. It will not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listen to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will someday stand where I am standing.

12. A butterfly was in love with a white rose. One day, the butterfly proposed to the rose, the white rose told him that when she turns red that is the only time she’ll love him. The butterfly did not fly, instead, he cut his body and spread his blood on the rose. The rose turned red and fell in love with the butterfly. However, the butterfly was no longer alive. “Love sacrifices” are sometimes useless especially if that someone doesn’t know how to appreciate. They’ll come to realize important things when it’s already too late.

13. Faced with a veering, crazy – making, constantly fragmenting contemporary world, a new breed of fiction writer is emerging. What’s remarkable about their work, which represents some of the best novels and short stories being written today, is not only how inventively it portrays the complex realities of life on the edge of the 21st century, but also how gracefully it moves beyond the literary trends of the recent past.

14. The gulls who scorn perfection for the sake of travel go nowhere, slowly. Those who put aside travel for the sake of perfection go anywhere, instantly.

15. You will begin to touch heaven. Jonathan, in the moment that you touch perfect speed. And that isn’t flying a thousand miles an hour or a million, or flying at the speed of light. Because any number is a limit, and perfection doesn’t have limits. Perfect speed my son, is being there.

“The only true law is that which leads to freedom,” Jonathan said. “There is no other.

16. She is wearing a purple tube paired with a silver skirt. Moreover, the silver skirt is sprinkled with Swarovsky crystals by King Anthony House of Gems and Crystals on its lining. As she walks along the aisle, my eyes popped into amazement because of the mind blowing beauty that she brings to the crowd.

17. Josephine, Josephine Who to these shores have come Looking for a nest, a home, Like a wandering swallow; If your fate is taking you To Japan, China or Shanghai, Don't forget that on these shores A heart for you beats high.

18. Ang iyong buhay pag-ibig ang pinakamalaking pinagmumulan ng iyong kasayahan ngayong buwan. Sa mga single, maaaring mapagtanto na ang iyong hinihintay na tao ay darating sa mga di inaasahang pagkakataon.

19. The door opened and my brother Leon and Maria came in. "Have you watered Labang?" Father spoke to me. I told him that Labang was resting yet under the barn. "It is time you watered him, my son," my father said. I looked at Maria and she was lovely. She was tall. Beside my brother Leon, she was tall and very still. Then I went out, and in the darkened hall the fragrance of her was like a morning when papayas are in bloom.

20. Nang kumalat sa Internet ang picture ni Willie Revillame kasama ang isang babaing naka – pajama ay marami ang naging espekulasyon. Agad na kinausap ng The Buzz Magazine and Wowowee host tungkol sa isyu at ipinaliwanag niyang kaibigan lang ang naturang babae, na nakitulog sa kanyang resthouse sa Tagaytay kasama ang maraming friends nila.

21. Kahit ano,
kaya kong
pasarapin.

Kahit sino,
kaya kong
pasayahin.

22. Mainit na mainit ang ugong na ang sikat na male TV and movie personality ay nahuhumaling sa isang sikat na female TV personality.

23. Ta nupay no agayatac
Iti maysa a imnas
Aoan lat’ pangripripiripac
Nga adda pacaibatugac.

Ilunodconto ti horas
Nga innac pannacayanac
Ta mamenribo coma a naseseat
No natayac idin ta nayanacac

Natural laeng ti panagbiddut,
nu ti puso ken panunot,
ket maandingay ti sulisog ken sappuyot ni panunut.

Ngem ti tao nu agbiddut weno agbasol man,
ada lata siled ti panagbabawi.
Aturen na dagiti biddut na
ket sapulen na ti nalinteg a dana
nga mangitunda kenkwana iti taeng ni ragsak ken
namnama.

24. There was a girl who argued with her boyfriend because she asked a ring for her birthday but her boyfriend gave a talking doll instead of a ring. The girl refused to accept the doll then she threw it away. The guy run as fast as he could to save the doll but an approaching car hit him. Then, he died. In the burial, the girl was crying, she grabbed the doll then hold it tight. The talking doll spoke saying, “Will you marry me? Please get the ring from the doll’s pocket, hope you like it.”

25. Waste not, want not.
In the new age of high fuel prices,
and environmental awareness.

The days of conspicuous are over,
today we face the need to do more with less.
And not to be responsible with for the world,
we live in.

26. I think I have more than enough experience. But still, I’m willing to learn more.

27. Something inside has changed. And the change came as a surprise. Some of you may say that our cover is very…Let me share with you a little secret. Our cover…it may look different, but it feels right. As a magazine, I dare say we have still so much to offer…not just a men’s magazine anymore. The changes are forthcoming and are bigger than ever. But the biggest change is …the new BACHELOR is not afraid to show that he also has a heart.

28. There was a blind girl who hated herself for being blind. She hated everyone except her boyfriend. The girl said that if she can only see the world she will marry her boyfriend. One time, someone donated eyes to her and saw everything including her boyfriend. Her boyfriend asked her, now that you can see me, will you marry me? The girl was shocked when she saw that her boyfriend is also blind and she refused to marry him. Her boyfriend walked away with tears and said, “just TAKE GOOD CARE of my EYES.”

The Essence of Studying Humanities

To all my students in Humanities I, kindly copy the following.

The study of humanities is essential as the world shrinks due to the explosion of information technology. Those who master the humanities and can "walk a mile in someone else's moccasins" will be far more marketable than those who can't. Those people who master cross-cultural understanding will be more successful than those who don't.

But, that is only the shell of a humanities education. Humanities study brings us in contact with the best life has to offer - History, music, art, philosophy, and literature. It is the study and contact with these topics that enrich our existence. Moreover a solid grounding in the humanities tends to extend our consciousness making us better people. Whether politically conservative, liberal, or independent the study humanities leads you through the development of thought and catapults ones understanding of why things are the way they are.

Top Ten Reasons to Study Humanities

1. To develop your mental flexibility through the practice of the critical thinking skills of analysis and synthesis.
2. To improve your communication abilities through the development of reading, thinking, writing, and speaking skills.
3. To learn to integrate information, ideas, and opinions from a variety of sources and perspectives.
4. To gain a global perspective thorugh a knowledge of world cultures.
5. To increase your respect for cultural and individual differences through a knowledge of the achievements of world civilizations.
5. To experience the connection between culture and your own community through museum visits, concerts, theatre performances and the support of local artists.
6. To clarify your personal values through the analysis of multiple viewpoints in ambiguous moral situations, examining the process of valuing, and understanding the nature of moral decision making.
7. To increase your personal resources for wisdom and perseverance through a study of the many different ways people have handled difficult situations in history, literature, philosophy, mythology, and religion.
8. To come to know what is enduring by studying what humans have found valuable throughout time.
9. To have your spirit awakened and your love of learning inspired by encountering and joining the great minds and hearts of human history in the search for meaning.

THE NATURE OF BUSINESS LETTER WRITING

To all my students in English 2 (Writing in the Discipline), the following should be downloaded in connection with our future discussion on Business Letter Writing. Thank you so much.

Business correspondent or business letter – must possess the following traits to produce effective business letters:

a. wide understanding of the human behaviour
b. keen imagination
c. good command of the English language
d. sense of humor
e. good judgment

Characteristics of a Business Letter

1. Clarity – clearness of the idea
2. Conciseness - completeness of idea with the use of the fewest number of words possible
3. Consideration – taking the “you” point – of – view
4. Courtesy – the use of polite expressions to show respect
5. Concreteness – the use of vivid, specific words that appeal to the senses
6. Cheerfulness – the use of positive expressions that signal lively dispositions in life
7. Correctness – accuracy of facts, figures, spelling, grammar, format, etc.
8. Character – shows the writer’s own style or uniqueness in writing

Parts of a Business Letter

1. Heading - It first part of the business letter. It gives to kinds of information about the writer: the primary of information which refers to the name, address, and telephone number of the company, and the secondary which gives other information about the writer like the nature, logo, motto, and list of officers of the company. If the heading is placed at the top most middle part of the paper, and is presented in a decorative or extraordinary style, it is considered a modern style of heading. Letterhead is the term used for this kind of heading. But if the heading is at the upper right side of the paper, it is thought of as a traditional heading where only the address and the date are stated.

2. Inside address – This is the second part of the letter where you see the name and address of the person to whom the letter is addressed. These information are about the addressee must be contained in only 3 to 4 lines with the first line occupying the name plus the position of the addressee in the company he’s working for, and the second and third lines for his exact address.

The position of the addressee may be placed right after the name in the first line. A comma is used to separate it from the name. It can also be placed in the second line together with the name of the company where the address is employed.

3. Salutation or Greeting

Coming two spaces after the Inside Address is the third part of the letter which is the Salutation. Since its purpose is to cheer up the addressee, it is also called Greeting.
A colon is used after the Salutation in a formal letter, a comma in a friendly letter. Capitalize the first word and the name mentioned in this part of the letter.

4. Body

This forms the longest and most important part of the letter. It is here where you present your ideas or messages to the addressee. All the qualities of a good business letter correspondent and the 8 Cs should be reflected in the body of the letter.

You should give particular attention to the opening sentence of the body for this is your way of attracting the attention of the receiver/reader. Likewise, the last sentence of the body is necessary because this is the means by which you will win him to your side or getting his final decision on whatever you’re offering. Avoid using the present participle form like hoping, trusting, and believing to end your letter. Instead, use I hope, I trust, I believe, etc.

5. Complimentary Close

Following the body is the complimentary close that consists of two or three words. In comparison to the Salutation, this part also uses expressions that observe certain degrees of formality.

Very respectfully yours, – most formal
Respectfully yours, - more formal

Very truly yours,
Truly yours, - formal
Sincerely yours,

Friendly yours,
Always, - informal
Lovingly yours,

In writing the complimentary close, capitalize only the first word and punctuate it with a comma. A comma is the only punctuation mark you can use after the complimentary close.

6. Signature

This consists of the signature of the writer which is of two kinds: penned signature and printed. To give enough space for the penned that appears over the printed signature, you have to allot four spaces between the complimentary close and the printed signature. Sign in your usual way.

7. Notations

This last portion of the letter is placed two spaces after the complimentary close, but it should be aligned with the left margin, not below the complimentary close. Notation may be one, two, or all of the following:

a. Identification Initials – These are the initials of the letter sender, typist, or transcriber that may appear this way:

Rey John Castro (letter sender) and Ar Jay Villanueva (typist)

RJC/AJV RJC – AJV RJCAJV RJC:AJV

b. Enclosure – Two spaces below the identification initial is the Enclosure. This explicitly states important documents attached to the letter like cheques, TORs, pictures etc.. Use Enc. for attached papers or bcc (blind copy) to show that a letter was sent to another person but the name of this person is not revealed in the letter. the secret identity of the receiver makes some peopel cal such a blind copy.

Example:

RJC:AJV

Enc.

1. 4 pictures

2. cheque

c. Postscript or P.S. - To emphasize something explicitly stated in the body of the letter, you can use P.S. two spaces below the identification initials.

Example:

rjc:ajv

P.S.

The pictures and the cheque are in the red thin envelope.

ENGLISH WEEK

Provincial Board Member Kris Ablan (in barong tagalog) poses with English, Humanities and Literature faculty members during the celebration of English Week.

Age was not a minus factor when debaters from the Laboratory High School-Science Curriculum engaged their college counterparts in a debate held Feb. 26 at the Teatro Ilocandia.

Sponsored by the Association of Students of Humanities, English, and Literature as one of the activities in the celebration of English Week, the debate bannered the motion, “This house believes that the Sangguniang Kabataan must be abolished”.

Neil Justine De la Cruz, a second year nursing student, won as best debater while Antonio Guerrero III, a fourth year high school student, grabbed the best speaker plum.

De la Cruz was joined by Nestor Corrales, A.B. English Studies II, and Mark Lester Toledana, B.S. Nursing II, in the government side. Aside from Guerrero, other high school students who argued for the opposition were Natalie Crisostomo, fourth year, and Kimberly Retuta second year.

The match was preceded by a debate lecture delivered by Mr. Herdy Yumul, CAS social sciences instructor and debate trainor.

During the culmination program in the afternoon, Provincial Board Member Kris Ablan, himself a former college debater, served as special guest.

Contests on love-letter writing, song interpretation, storytelling, photography, and spelling were also held during the three-day event meant to hone the skills of students in communications and in the arts.

In his message, Dr. Joselito L. Lolinco, CAS dean, broached the idea of designating English-speaking zones in the university as a way to arrest students’ deteriorating facility of the language. (Herdy L. Yumul of MMSU News for the Week)

FENG SHUI

To my English 2 and Literature 1 students, just go to the archive section and look for the specific piece of information that you want to explore.

To all my Humanities 1 students, the following are concepts about Feng Shui in connection with our discussion on Chinese Architecture. Thank you so much.

Feng Shui - means wind and water
- it is an art and a science
- it is the practice of placement, arrangement and enhancement of space to achieve harmony with the environment.
We are connected to our environment. Our homes and businesses are expressions of who we are.

Functions:

1. Removes obstacles that prevent us from manifesting our dreams.

2. Gives dramatic impact on how we feel.

3. Helps us in manifesting our dreams and desires.

The practice of Feng Shui began in China about 3000 - 5000 years ago. The agricultural community wanted to know the best locations in planting crops, building homes and in honoring the ancestors. the knowledge was kept secret for hundreds of years. Sine then, Feng Shui has withstood the test of time.

Uses of Feng Shui:

1. Analyze a property.
2. Sell a home or a business.

3. Landscape design

4. Community planning

5. Architectural design

Other uses:

1. Change in life goals.

2. Change in family.

3. Change in life cycles.

Simple changes can make a big difference.

Nine Areas of Feng Shui - constituting the bagua.

1. Career and path in life.

2. Knowledge and wisdom.

3. Family ancestors community

4. Wealth, prosperity and abundance.

5. Achievement and reputation

6. Relationships, romance and marriage

7.Children and creativity

8. Friends and travel

9. Health and balance

Goals of Feng Shui

1. to create a harmony

2. to create beauty

3. to create balance

Process of Feng Shui

1. Assess the environment.

2. Identify and remove obstacles.

3. Create natural flow.

4. Energize the environment.

This can be done by:

1. Clearing the space

2. Aranging furniture

3. Color selection

4. Adding enhancements

To start:

1. Desire to transform.

2. Willingness to take action.

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APA METHOD OF CITATION

To all my students in English 2, the following should be downloaded to be discussed on February 16 (Wedenesday). Thank you very much.

AUTHOR DATE METHOD OF CITATION

The following examples are based on the Publication Manual of the APA (2001).

Single Author

1. The year of publication is cited in parenthesis if the author’s name appears in the textual discussion.

Example:

Villanueva (2008) stated that photosynthesis …

2. If the sentence construction does not require the use of the authority’s name, the author’s name and year of publication are cited in parenthesis, separated by a comma.

Example:

Photosynthesis is a process of making food by the use of sunlight (Villanueva, 2008).

3. No further reference is required when both the year and the author’s name are given in the text.

Example:

In 2008, Villanueva noted that photosynthesis is a process of making food through the use of sunlight.

4. When specific information is given, insert the page number.

Example:

The advantages of having an English Language Program are summarized by Villanueva (2008).

Language learning in the communicative environment of the content classroom furthers the goals of language teaching by offering a context for language (p.3).

5. If quotations are used, the following should serve as guidelines in the citation.

Short quotations – three lines or less, with quotation marks, and run into the text.

Quotation marks should be used if the quoted matter is somewhere in the middle of a sentence.

Example:

Photosynthesis which may be defined as the “process of making food through the use of sunlight” (Villanueva, 2008), is a very important biological process.

Quotation marks should also be used if the quotation is at the end of a sentence.

Example:

Photosynthesis is defined as the “process of making food through the use of sunlight” (Villanueva, 2008).

Long quotations – if it is four or more lines, it should be single – spaced and indented. It is written in a new paragraph and no quotation marks are used. The source is given in parenthesis after the final period.

Example:

The data shows that a good number of students use ‘word attack’ in analyzing the unknown word by its root words and affixes. Castro and Villanueva disclosed that:

Examining the internal, morphological features of a word, like prefixes, suffixes, and root words is also one of the techniques that could help a reader infer the meaning of a word (February 19, 2008, p. 3).

Multiple Authors

1. For works with two authors, both names of authors are mentioned every time reference is made in the text. For works with three or more authors, all names are mentioned the first time the reference is made, for subsequent references, only the surname of the first author is mentioned followed by et. al. and the year of publication.

Example:

Castro, Villanueva and Del Tierro (2008) mentioned … (first reference)

Castro et. al. (2008) mentioned …

2. If there is no author in the text citation, use the first two or three words of the entry in the reference list (usually the title).

Example:

In the first group, the students, are found out to be more visual than auditory (Language Studies, 2008, p.9).
Two or more works of the same author are cited in chronological order separated by commas. The suffixes a, b, c etc. are used for works published in the same year.

Example:

Recent studies (Villanueva, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005) show

Recent studies (Villanueva, 2000, 2001a, 2001b, 2003, 2004, 2005) show

3. If many authors are cited at the same point in the text, author’s surnames are arranged alphabetically, separated by semi – colon, and enclosed in one pair of parenthesis if all these authors are cited at the same point in the text.

Example:

Recent studies (Castro, 2000; Del Tierro, 2005; Villanueva, 2007) have shown…

Tools in Gathering Information

To all my students in English 2, the following have to be copied because we will discuss them on Monday (February 16). For the Lit 1 students (BSN 2C), just eye your assignment at the archive section.

Tools in Gathering Information

A. The Questionnaire - the list of planned, written questions related to a particular topic, with space provided for indicating the response to each question, intended for submission to a number of persons for reply.

Types:

1. Structured - asks a question and provides several possible answers.

2. Unstructured - asks questions but no suggested answers are given by the investigator.

Principles to Consider in Constructing Questionnaires

Certain principles can be employed by questionnaire makers to make items more precise.

1. Define or qualify terms that could easily be misinterpreted.

Illustrative example:

What is the value of your house?

2. Be careful in using descriptive adjectives and adverbs that have no agreed upon meaning.

Example:

frequently, occasionally, rarely

3. Be careful of inadequate alternatives.

Illustative example:

Married? Yes_____ No_____

4. Beware of double negatives. Negatives should be underlined for clarity.

Illustrative example:

Federal aid should not be granted to those states in which education is not equal.

5. Avoid double - barreled questions.

Illustrative example:

Do you believe that gifted students should be placed in separate groups for instructional purposes and assigned to special schools?

6. Underline a word if you wish to indicate special emphasis.

7. When asking for ratings or comparisons a point of reference is necessary.

Ilustrative example:

How would you rate this student teacher's classroom teaching?

Superior - Average - Below Average

8. Avoid unwanted assumptions.

Illustrative example:

Are you satisfied with the salary raise that you received last year?

Do you feel that you benefited from the spankings that you received as a child?

9. Phrase questions so that they are appropriate for al respondents.

Illustrative example:

What is your monthly salary?

Some teachers are paid on a nine - month basis, some ten, eleven or even twelve. Therefore, it would be better to construct three questions:

a. Your salary per month? _____

b. Number of months in school term? _____

c. Number of salary payment per year? _____

10. Design questions that will give a complete answer.

Ilustrative example:

Do you read the Manila Times?

A yes or no answer would not reveal much information about reading habits of the respondent. Better construct an additional item, in which the respondent is asked, "If your answer is Yes, kindly check how often and what sections of the Times you read".

11. Provide for the systematic quantification of responses.

Illustrative example:

What are your favorite television programs? Rank in order of preference your first, second, third, fourth and fifth choices.

The items can be tabulated by inverse weightings.

1st choice 5 points

2nd choice 4 points

3rd choice 3 points

4th choice 2 points

5th choice 1 point

12. Consider the possibility of clasifying responses yourself, rather than having the respondent choose categories. If students were asked to classify their father's occupation in one of the following categories, the results might be quite unsatisfactory.

Illustrative example:

Unskilled labor _____

Skilled labor _____

Clerical work _____

Managerial work _____

Profession _____

Proprietorship _____

Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire

1. It deals with a significant topic.

2. It seeks only that information which cannot be obtained from other sources.

3. It is as short as possible.

4. It is attractive in appearance, neatly arranged, and clearly duplicated or printed.

5. Directions are clear and complete.

B. Interview - a data gathering device which, in a sense, is an oral questionnaire.

Preparation for the Interview

The interviewer must make careful preparation for the interview if it is to yield fruitful results. One aspect of this preparation is that the interviewer must have a lear conception of just what he or she needs. The interviewer must clearly outline the best sequence of questions and stimulating comments that will sytematically bring out the desired responses, outline or check list will provide a set plan for the interview, precluding the possibility that the interviewer will fail to get important and need data.

Some "Do's" and "Dont's" for the Interviewer.

To ensure maximum success, the interviewer must have a good bearing and aneat, pleasing personal appearance. In addition, he must conduct himself in ways that characterize proper demeanor.

The following are the Dont's in interviewing.

1. Don't argue.

2. Don't appear erudite or learned.

3. Don't use big words.

4. Don't irritate worn spots.

5. Don't tell inaapropriate stories.

6. Don't talk too much.

@@@@@@@@@@NOTHING FOLLOWS@@@@@@@@@@

Literature During the Spanish Era (no.2)

To all my students in Lit 1, the following is the continuation of the first handout on Spanish Era. If you want to look for the previous handouts, please go to the archive section.

A. Poetry

To The Virgin Mary

Rizal dedicates this sonnet to the Virgin Mary venerated by all Catholics.

Mary, sweet peace, solace dear

Of pained mortal ! You're the fount

Whence emanates the stream of succour,

That without cease our soil fructifies.

From thy throne, from heaven high,

Kindly hear my sorrowful cry !

And may thy shining veil protect

My voice that rises with rapid flight.

Thou art my Mother, Mary, pure;

Thou'll be the fortress of my life;

Thou'll be my guide on this angry sea.

If ferociously vice pursues me,

If in my pains death harasses me,

Help me, and drive away my woes !
************

Our Mother Tongue

A poem originally in Tagalog written by Rizal when he was only eight years old.

IF truly a people dearly love

The tongue to them by Heaven sent,

They'll surely yearn for liberty

Like a bird above in the firmament.

BECAUSE by its language one can judge

A town, a barrio, and kingdom;

And like any other created thing

Every human being loves his freedom.

ONE who doesn't love his native tongue,

Is worse than putrid fish and beast;

AND like a truly precious thing

It therefore deserves to be cherished.

THE Tagalog language's akin to Latin,

To English, Spanish, angelical tongue;

For God who knows how to look after us

This language He bestowed us upon.

AS others, our language is the same

With alphabet and letters of its own,

It was lost because a storm did destroy

On the lake the bangka 1 in years bygone.

Literature During the Spanish Era (no.1)

To all my students in Lit 1, this is the preliminary handout for our discussion on Literature During the Spanish Era.

Spanish colonization brought about great cultural changes which also greatly altered the content, medium and form of Philippine literature.

The simple and bucolic Filipino lifestyle became moresophisticated through a long period of exposure to the lifestyle of the colonizers. The Spaniards came with the Sword and the Cross; and, to serve the dual purpose of territorial expansion and evangelization, they needed literature to serve these twin purposes and goals.

The content of literature was mostly religious; lives of saints, religious books, prayers, psalms, Marian hymns, the pasyon (the "epic" of Christian life), and the like.

To reach the inhabitants faster and to enhance the evangelization process, the Spaniards needed interpreters and translators. To fill this need, they taught selected inhabitants to speakthe Spanish language; they themselves studies and acquired the native langauges and the indios. They introduced the Roman alphabet and later brought in the printing press (1593). Thus, the medium of literature became tri - lingual; the Castillian langauge, tagalog, and some still in the dialects of various communities. The oral literature could not be erased from the memories of our ancestors; but the Roman alphabet replaced the sylabaries of the natives; and literature began to appear in print.

Ancient literary forms were enriched with the various literay forms patterned after European metrical romances (corrido and awit), "zarzuela" recreational plays (Duplo; moro - moro, juego de prenda) and the "balagtasan".

The opening of the Suez Canal brought prosperity to the Filipinos. Soon the rich and landed sent their sons to study in European schools and brought home libaral ideas of freedom, equality, and a national fervor for independence and national identity.

Literature now assumed the role of catalyst, a tool for the awakening of the Filipino long enslaved and plundered by the "conquistadores".

The writings of Rizal, M.H. del Pilar, F. Baltazar or Balagtas, etc. exposed the abuses of the Spaniards and the colonial mentality and subservience of the Filipino. To the colonial masters, these writings were revolutionary in nature. Only the expurgated copies of Rizal's novels (Noli and Fili) were allowed for limited circulation. Literary medium was bilingual. Most writings were in Spanish and tagalog, their content, bicultural.

Today the literary outputs of our writers stil carry the Filipino's Spanish cultural heritage. Spanish loan words have become part of our vocabulary such as terms like Don/Dona, Senor/Senora, cedula and many more. They often are part of contemporary writing.

Epic and Songs

To all my students in Lit 1 (Literature of the Philippines), this is the continuation of the second handout in Pre - Spanish Literature. If you want to look for the other on line hand outs, please go to archive section.

E. Epic - In literature an epic is a (usually lengthy) narrative in verse. In addition to the narrative there is also description and there is an important element of vastness and heroism. The earliest epics were oral and were only written down later.

An epic according to E. Arsenio Manuel has 7 elements:
1. it must be narrative poem with sustained length,
2. based on oral tradition,
3. containing supernatural events or heroic deeds of the folk hero,
4. in the form of verse,
5. which is either chanted or sung,
6. with a certain seriousness of purpose, and
7. embodying or validating the beliefs, customs, ideals or life values of the people.

World Literature - Famous examples of epics include The Odyssey, The Iliad and The Aeneid, also The Epic of Gilgamesh, and much later Beowulf.

In the Ilocos Region, we have our very own Biag ni Lam – ang which was penned by Pedro Bukaneg. It is the only authentic epic of the Christianized tribes of the Philippines. It has five known version, the earliest one in 1889 and the latest in 1947. The epic has been ascribed to Pedro Bukaneg, a blind poet who was given away by his parents to a priest who raised him. Hence, the epic, although classified as of pre – Spanish origin, contains Christian rituals such as marriage by a priest in church, baptism with a godfather, the presence of honorific in Spanish e.g. Don, Dona, etc..

1. Biography of Pedro Bukaneg

Father of the Iloko Literature

Pedro Bukaneg is one of the colorful figures in the history of the Philippines, particularly in the annals of Samtoy (ancient name of Ilocos). From meager written sources and abundant oral traditions, biographers are able to weave the elusive strands of his life and remarkable achievements. They rhapsodize him as the first Ilokano man-of-letters. They compare him to Moses because as a newly-born baby, he was found floating down the river by a woman; to Homer, for he was born blind and grew up to be a popular bard; and to Socrates, because of he was ugly but wise. As the first Ilokano poet, orator, musician, lexicographer, and linguist to appear in the limelight of history, whose name and deeds enhance the glory of Ilokandia’s literary heritage, he deserves to be called the “ Father of Yloko Literature.”

Many aspects the Bukaneg’s life are obscured by legendary mists, so that it is quite difficult to dissociate the historical Bukaneg from the legendary Bukaneg.

Bukaneg might have been born about 1592. it is said that one day in March, 1592, a laundry woman found a little baby crying inside a floating tampipi (big basket for keeping clothes) along the bank of stream (now called Banaoang River), a tributary of the big Abra River, which flows between the town of Bantay and Vigan, Ilocos Sur. She took the baby and saw it was a boy, ugly and blind. This story parallels the tale of biblical Moses, who, was an infant, was found by an Egyptian princess (daughter of the pharaoh) inside a basket floating down the Nile River. The only difference is that Moses was neither ugly nor blind. Evidently, Bukaneg was a victim of the brutal custom of destroying infants born with physical defects, practiced not only in Samtoy, but also in Sparta, Persia, and other nations of anquity.

After saving the poor infant from a watery grave, the kind-hearted woman brought it to the parish priest of Bantay, who baptized him as Pedro Bukaneg. The name Bukaneg is said to be a contraction of the Iloko Phrase “nabukaan nga itneg,” meaning “Christianized heaten.” Nobody knows until the present time who were the real parents of Bukaneg.

God had invariably given Bukaneg certain wondrous qualities overcome the handicap of blindness, such as intellectual brilliance, retentive memory, sensitive musical sense, magnetic eloquence, and gift for languages. He was brought up and educated by the kind Augustinian padres in the convent of Bantay, a priory (motherhouse) for new missionaries assigned to the missions of Ilokandia.
As Bukaneg reached manhood, he proved to be a remarkable Ilokano who was well liked and appreciated by the Augustinian friars. A born linguist, he mastered Latin, Spanish, Iloko and Itneg (Tinggian) languages. He possessed an extraordinary talent for assimilating all things pertaining to theology the Bible, and Spanish literature which his Augustinian tutors taught him, and also the Iloko folk songs and traditions he heard from the old folks. Being a romanticist, he composed poems and songs which were so tenderly sweet that he gained renown among the Iloko masses as a gifted troubadour.

This authorship of Biag ni Lam-ang, the famous Iloko epic, was attributed to him by some authors. This was, however a disputed issue, for this epic poem, containing “294 stanzas, about 1,500 lines, and the syllables of each line range form six to 12,” was chanted by the Iloko folks since pre-Spanish times. It is possible that Bukaneg, being blind, might have dictated it from memory to an amanuensis; consequently, it was put into writing and was preserved for posterity. We owe it thus Bukaneg that this greatest Ilokkano popular epic was saved from oblivion.

Bukaneg was good not only in poetry but also in oratory. He preached the Christian religion in the streets of Vigan, Aringay, and other towns, and persuaded many of his people to discard their beliefs. Large crowds of people always listened to him when and forgetting his ugly face and blindness. Because of the numerous conversions that he made, he came to be called the “Apostle of the Ilokanos.”

The Augustinians friars recognized Bukaneg’s talent as a linguist. During the early days, Augustinian missionaries who nearly arrived from Mexico and Spain studied the Iloko language in the Augustinian convent of Bantay by way of preparing them for their apostolic labors in the mission fields of Ilokandia. Bukaneg was their teacher in the Iloko language. Aside form his teaching, he wrote Christian sermons in Iloko, translated the novenas and prayers from Latin and Spanish into Iloko, and helped in the preparation of the first Iloko catechism and grammar.

The first Iloko catechism was the Iloko translation of Cardinal Bellarmine’s Doctrina Cristiana which was printed in the Augustinian Convent of Manila in 1621 by Antonio Damba and Miguel Seixo, until the title Libro a naisurat amin ti batas ti Doctrina Cristiana nga naisurat iti libro ti Cardenal a angnagan Belarmino (Book Containing the Substance of the Christian Doctrine written by Cardinal Bellarmine). Bukaneg was a great help to Fray Francisco Lopez, famous Augustinian missionary- linguist, in the preparation of this book.
The first Iloko grammar, also authored by Father Lopez, was entitled Arte de la Lengua Iloca; it was printed at the University of Santo Tomas Pinpin and Tomas de Aquino in 1927. In the prologue of this book, Father Lopez admitted the considerable assistance given by Bukaneg, as follows:

And because this work of mine (though it is just a humble offering for your reverence) may not deserve some common reward, I request all of you to remember me to God in your Holy Masses, both in his life and in my death; neither forgetting Mr. Pedro Bukaneg who may now be in Glory; since (I honestly confess) the greater and the best in this work as well as that of the Doctrina of Bellarmine is due to him.

It is said that the first published Iloko grammar by father Lopez ( with bukaneg collaboration) is extremely very rare. At least one copy of it preserved in the world famed British Museum in London. Later editions of this valuable book were printed, with certain revisions, such as by Fr. Fernando Rey (1792), Fr. Andres Carro (1793), and by Fr. Cipriano Marcilla (1895).

Unfortunately, the poems, sermons prayers, and other works written by Bukaneg have all been lost. It is believed that a large number of linguistic works, poems, novenas, and prayers which were attributed to the Spanish friars were really composed by Bukaneg.

The Ilokanos also recognized Bumkaneg as seer. They came to consult him whenever they were in trouble for they had implicit faith in his wisdom. Even the Spaniards in the Ilokos look him for the guidance in their hour of need. An anecdote was told that one day the Servant Don Nicolas de Figueroa, Spanish encomendero of Narvacan and Bantay. He was shot to death by arrows and the arquebus which he was carrying was stolen. Shortly afterwards, a band of Itnegs (Tinggians) were captured near the scene of the crime and were taken to Bantay. One of these Itnegs was believed to be the murderer, but the authorities could not determine the guilty party inasmuch as all of the accused refused to talk. In the midst of their judicial perplexities, the Spanish authorities called Bukaneg to help them in the trial. Bukaneg arrived the scene. First, he has that all the Itnegs be freed from their bonds, explaining that “it was not right that all should suffer from the deed of the guilty man.” He walked around the circle of Itnegs who stood silently, betraying no emotions on their stolid faces. He placed his right and over the breast of each one, feeling their heart-throbs. After this strange ritual, he pointed one Itneg, declaring him the guilty murderer. Taken aghast by bukaneg’s clever deduction, the Itneg broke down and confessed. He was accordingly punished. His companions, who were set free, returned to their village in the hills and related the tale of Bukaneg’s strange power of second sight.

Beloved by his people, Bukaneg died about 1630. His death was mourned by his people who had come to revere him as a man of remarkable talents. To his everlasting glory, the Filipinos of the Ilokos, in recognition of his literary legacy, call the popular literary joust Bukanegan, after his name, just as the Filipino of Tagalandia name their literary joust Balagtasan, in honor of Balagtas, the laureated “Prince of Tagalog Poets.”

2. Biag ni Lam ang - Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilokano:"The Life of Lam-ang") is a pre-Hispanic epic poem of the Ilokano people from the Ilocos region of the Philippines. Recited and originally written in the Ilokano language, it is believed to be the work of many poets from various generations, and was first preserved in writing around 1640, by a blind Ilokano bard named Pedro Bucaneg.

Summary

Its origin during the pre-Spanish period of the Philipines. It is one of the greatest Ilocano epic of the pre-colonial literature of the country. It is originally written in the Ilocano language but as time goes it has been translated to different languages. The story is set in the Northern Provinces of the Philippines. The story is a mix of adventure and romance with exciting and unpredictable outcomes. The story revolves around Lam- ang who is a very extraordinary guy. He started to talk at a very young age and was the one who choose his own name. His adventure began when his father, Don Juan, went to a battle but never came back. At the age of barely nine months he went to search for his father in the highlands where his father was said to go. Knowing that he is blessed with extraordinary well being, her mother, Namongan, allowed her to go. Lam-ang then went of to search for his father leaving his grieving mother. When Lam-ang reached the place, he was enraged upon seeing his father’s head on top of a bamboo pole that was stuck in the ground which was a scene that he had dreamed before reaching the place. Lam-ang then demanded to know the reason why did that happen to his father but he did not receive an answer, instead he was demanded by the chieftain of the village to go or else he would receive the same faith like his father. Instead of running Lam-ang bravely fought with the chieftain and its tribesmen. Lam-ang won the fight with less effort that serves as his revenge for his father. The epic poem also presented some humorous points. As Lam-ang was on his way home he passed by a river and then decided to have a dip. The dirt from his body caused the death of fishes, crabs, shrimps in the river. She was gladly attended by some of the women who saw him. Lam-ang upon reaching home decided to court his love interest, Ines Kannoyan. Despite his mother’s disapproval he followed his heart and set again another journey for her love. His adventures had never been that easy. He faced one of Ines’ suitor and monsters. But he won the battles with ease. Upon reaching the place, Lam-ang drew the attention of many and impressed Ines. He was helped by his magical pets: a rooster, a hen and a dog. Lam-ang’s rooster flapped its wings and a house toppled. This amazed everybody, especially Ines. Then, Lam-ang’s dog barked and the house aroused. Being invited in the lunch of the family of Ines, Lam-ang impressed Ines’ parents with his wealth and upon returning he gave to the family two golden ships. Their wedding was held with a lot of feastings. However Lam-ang’s story never ended there. He was sent to catch a gigantic shell but unfortunately she was swallowed by a shark, which he had earlier premonitioned. Her bones were recovered and Lam-ang was resurrected with the help of his magical pet. Ines was ordered by the rooster to wrap the bones with her tapis while the hen flaps its wings and the dog growling. In an instant Lam-ang happily rejoined his wife. The epic poem showed some of the earlier customs, culture, tradition and belief of the Ilocano people of the Philippines The story presented some of the qualities of the people of the Ilocos region- adventurous, hardy, and brave as strongly portrayed by Lam-ang. The epic poem presented the fact that life is full of trials and problems. One must be strong and just accept the reality that it is already part of life.

Propp's Morphology of the Folktale
Analysis of the Ilocano Epic "Biag Ni Lam-Ang"

Russian formalists considered literature to be a special use of language. As such, it can be analyzed in and of itself. Vladimir Propp was influenced by the formalists and his work "Morphology of the Folktale" has provided one of the defining studies of genre, and laid the foundations for French Structuralism By breaking down a number of Russian folktales into narratemes (smallest narrative unit), Propp arrives at a typology of narrative structures. By analyzing types of characters and kinds of action, he is able to come up with thirty-one generic narratemes in the Russian folktales. Using these thirty-one generic narratemes, the author will analyze "Biag Ni Lam-Ang," the great Ilocano epic and the oldest recorded and the only complete epic from the Christian Filipino groups. The epic begins with the usual invocation to God, and immediately following it is the description of the youthful couple, Don Juan and Namongan, awaiting the birth of their first child. After the intial situation is depicted, the tale takes the following sequence:1. Before the child was born, Don Juan left to fight the tattooed Igorot lad. 2. Don Juan, however, failed to return.
3. Lam-ang was born with the gift of speech which allowed him to even choose his own name.
4. Having such extraordinary strength, Lam-Ang went to avenge his father's "presumable" death by killing his father's murderers.
5. Lam-Ang's adventure at the land of the Igorot was a victorious one. After which, he found himself the hero of the village belles who even bathed him by the river. None of the belles caught his fancy.
6. Lam-Ang then heard of the beautiful Lady Ines Kannoyan.
7. With his three magical pets - a bantam white rooster, a yellow-scaled hen and a shaggy-haired lap dog, Lam-Ang went to the faraway town of Kalanutian to woe Lady Ines. There he found many suitors asking the hands of Ines.
8. Despite having many rich Spanish admirers and landed native suitors, Lady

Ines and her parents chose our hero, Lam-Ang to be her husband.
9. After the big wedding, they returned to Nalbuan, Lam-Ang's native land.
10. The two were welcomed by another adventure for Lam-Ang: he is to dive for the "rarang."
11. True to the premonition, Lam-Ang was swallowed by the man-eating fish "Tiwantiwan."
12. Lam-Ang's magical bantam came to the rescue of his master. They scooped up Lam-Ang's bones from the river, and put Lady Ines' sash on them. Then rooster crowed lustily, the hen with the yellow scaled-legs shook herself and the shaggy lap dog spurred till the bones of Lam-Ang sprung to life.
13. Having brought to life, Lam-Ang repaid the diver who scooped his bones. And he lived with his wife and pets happily ever after.

While not all of Propp's narratemes are present in "Biag Ni Lam-Ang," the epic shows some semblance in Propp's morphology of the Russian folktale.

F. Songs - lyric poems set to music; and, to their musicality, cadence and recurring measures, more often than not correspond to the metre and rhyming scheme of poetry, except of course, that of free verse.

Songs (music for that matter) form an important part in the Filipino way of life. We have songs for almost types of activity. Men in love sing to court their lady - love (haranas); they sing to exalt the qualities of the Filipina (Ang Dalagang Filipina, Kung Ganda ang Pag - uusapan, Si Annie Batungbakal, Waray Waray etc.); they sing when they put Baby to sleep (oyayi or hele): they sing when they pray (psalms); sing when they plant rice (Magtanim ay Hindi Biro); they sing to show their love of country (Bayan Ko, Ako'y Pilipino, Lupang Hinirang, Pilipinas Kong Mahal, Manila, etc.); they even sing when they exercise (Ocho Ocho); they sing when they play or dance (Tinikling); and finally, there are songs they sing when someone dies (dung - aw for Ilocanos).

All these songs give us a close - up view of their feelings, sentiments, emotions and aspirations of our people - typically FILIPINO.
Examples of Songs will be given by your Lit 1 teacher.

Pre - Colonial Literature

To all my in Lit 1 (Literatures of the Philippines) students, the following is the continuation of the hand out in Pre - Spanish Literature. Happy reading. Another hand out will be posted soon, about epic and songs.

C. Bugtong (Riddles) - Riddles are expressions in rhymes using one or two images that refer to a particular thing or object that has to be guess. Riddles are used for entertainment, mental exercises and amusement. Riddles are use by Filipinos to pass away time and to show their wit . . . it is entertaining and fun. Filipino riddles deal largely with animals, plants and objects of local character. Filipino riddles have been passed from one generation to another and their origins have never been trace, a lot of new riddles have also been created by the younger generation.
Examples of Bugtong will be given by your Lit 1 teacher।

D. Salawikain and Sawikain - Don’t be confused with these two words - “sawikain” and “salawikain“. They sound almost the same but they have totally different meanings.
1. Sawikain are idiomatic expressions. They are composed of two or more words that have an entirely different meaning when joined together or hyphenated.
Some examples of SAWIKAIN:
1. Anak-pawis. The literal translation of “anak” is son; pawis” is sweat. The idiom really means “blue-collar worker” to signify sweat and hard work are exerted.
2. Balat sibuyas. It’s the Tagalog translation for “onion-skinned” which means a sensitive person.
3. Makapal ang bulsa. In English, it’s a person with a thick wallet, which means lots of money = wealth.
4. Magaan ang Kamay. In English it’s a light-handed person, which means one who is easily provoked to hit another person.
5. Di makabasag-pinggan. Literal translation is “someone who can’t break a plate” to mean a very careful person.

2. Salawikain are proverbs. Filipino Proverbs are called "Salawikain", like most proverbs around the world imparts a lesson. There are proverbs that express a general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life, there are also proverbs that express general truths and observations about life and human nature. Filipino proverbs are part of one's cultural heritage which should not be forgotten, proverbs are good sources of information about traditions, beliefs, and customs. They serve as guide to living, advice on social relations and encouragement in facing life's trials and realities. The main purpose of proverbs is to teach a lesson in life.
Here are some of the most enduring Filipino proverbs that best portray the characters of the Filipinos, philosophy and values. The proverbs are written in Tagalog along with their English translations or the meaning of the proverb.
·Ang kalusugan ay kayamanan. - Health is Wealth
·Ang buhay ay parang gulong, minsang nasa ibabaw, minsang nasa ilalim. - Life is like a wheel, sometimes your up sometimes you're up sometimes you're down·

Ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan, hindi makakarating sa paroroonan. - A person who does not remember where he came from will never reach his destination.

·Ang karukhaan ay hindi hadlang sa pagtatagumpay. - Poverty is not a hindrance to success.

·Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika, ay mahigit pa sa mabaho at malansang isda. - He who does not love his own mother tongue is worse than a rotten fish.

·Ang palay ay parisan, habang nagkakalaman ay alalong nagpugpugay. - Imitate the rice stalk, the more grains it bears, the lower it bows.

·Ang umaayaw ay di nagwawagi, ang nagwawagi ay di umaayaw. - A quitter never wins, a winner never quits.

·Bihirang masilayan, agad nakakalimutan. -Seldom seen, soon forgotten. (Out of sight out of mind.)

·Walang tiyaga, walang nilaga - No pain, no gain

·Kahoy mang babad sa tubig, kapag nadarang sa apoy sapilitang magdirikit. ---Even a log soaked in water will burn if it is placed near a fire.

·Magsama-sama at malakas, magwatak-watak at babagsak. - United we stand, divided we fall.

·Masakit ang katotohanan. -The truth hurts.

·Ang sakit ng kalingkigan, sakit ng buong katawan. - The pain of the little finger is felt by the whole body.

·Huli man daw at magaling, naihahabol din. - Better late than never.

·Kapag and dagat ay tahimik, asahan mo at malalim. - Still water runs deep.

·Ang tulog na hipon , tinatangay ng agos. - A sleeping shrimp is carried away by the current.

·Ang pag-aasawa ay hindi biro, 'di tulad ng kanin, Iluluwa lung mapaso - Marriage is not a joke. It is not like food that you can spit out when it is too hot to chew.

·Walang palayok na walang kasukat na tungtong. - Every pot has a matching lid.

The Modern Salawikain

* Ang buhay ay parang bato, it’s hard.
* Better late than pregnant.
* Behind the clouds are the other clouds.
* It’s better to cheat than to repeat!
* Do unto others … then run!!!
* Kapag puno na ang salop, kumuha na ng ibang salop.
* Magbiro ka na sa lasing, magbiro ka na sa bagong gising, huwag lang sa lasing na bagong gising.
* When all else fails, follow instructions.
* Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika, lumaki sa ibang bansa.
* To err is human, to errs is humans.
* Ang taong nagigipit … sa bumbay kumakapit
* Pag may usok … may nag-iihaw
* Ang taong naglalakad nang matulin … may utang.
* No guts, no glory… no ID, no entry.
* Birds of the same feather that prays together … stays together.
* Kapag may sinuksok at walang madukot, may nandukot.
* Walang matigas na tinapay sa gutom na tao.
* Ang taong di marunong lumingon sa kanyang pinanggalingan …. ay may stiff neck.
* Birds of the same feather make a good feather duster.
* Kapag may tiyaga, may nilaga. Kapag may taga, may tahi.
* Huli man daw at magaling, undertime pa rin.
* Ang naglalakad ng matulin, late na sa appointment
* Matalino man ang matsing, matsing pa rin.
* Better late than later.
* Aanhin ang palasyo kung ang nakatira ay kuwago, mabuti pa ang bahay kubo, sa paligid puno ng linga.
* Kapag maikli ang kumot, tumangkad ka na!
* No man is an island because time is gold.
* Hindi lahat ng kumikinang ay ginto … muta lang yan.
* Kapag ang puno mabunga … mataba ang lupa!
* When it rains … it floods.
* Pagkahaba haba man ng prusisyon … mauubusan din ng kandila.
* Ang buhay ay parang gulong, minsan nasa ibabaw, minsan nasa vulcanizing shop.
* Batu-bato sa langit, ang tamaan … sapul.
* Try and try until you succeed… or else try another.
* Ako ang nagsaing … iba ang kumain. Diet ako eh.
* Huwag magbilang ng manok kung alaga mo ay itik.
* Kapag maiksi na ang kumot, bumili ka na ng bago.
* If you can’t beat them, shoot them. (Nalundasan)
* An apple a day is too expensive.
* An apple a day makes seven apples a week. (really expensive)
* Aanhin pa ang damo kung ang garden mo’y sementado
* Aanhin pa ang damo kung bato na ang uso.

Engl 2 - APA Style of Citation

To all my Engl 2 (Writing in the Discipline) students. I will not meet you on Friday (January 16). I will give you time to go to the library and check for the reference sources of your chosen topic. In addition, kindly download the document presented below. That will be your basis in coming up with your preliminary bibliographies. Your preliminary bibliographies should be written on index cards (please use the smallest size). Each bibliography should be written on a single card only. Do not write more than one on an index card. We will use the APA citation style. Further, please prepare for an exam on Monday (January 19) at CAS - AVR. If you have some queries, feel free to approach me anytime of the day through text. Thank you and happy book hunting.

CONTINUATION OF THE HANDOUT FOR RESEARCH PAPER WRITING

4. Preparing the preliminary bibliography for the paper.

A preliminary bibliography is a list of the reading materials that you intend to read for the substance of the paper. It is called preliminary because it can be changed – increased or decreased – depending on the availability or appropriateness of the materials.

Which should you use?

The following are the five styles of citation.
APA: psychology, education, and other social sciences.
MLA: literature, arts, and humanities.
AMA: medicine, health, and biological sciences.
Turabian: designed for college students to use with all subjects.
Chicago: used with all subjects in the "real world" by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications.

Most of the time, the APA Citation Style is used in writing the sources.

APA Citation Style

Magazine Article
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585.

Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, p. A3.

Book

Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket Books.

Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 364932). Retrieved from http://www .eric.ed.gov/

Websites
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep /503r.html

The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only. (2007). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Star Trek: Official Site Web site: http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials/article /2310913.html

Wiki
Star trek planet classifications. (n.d.). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_planet _classifications

PowerPoint Presentation
Oard, D. W. (2001). Bringing Star trek to life: Computers that speak and listen [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of Maryland TerpConnect Web site: http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~oard/papers /cpsp118t.ppt

Parenthetical References
The sources that you use should be cited in the text of your paper, either in a parentheses or as part of the text itself:

During the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation (Hodges, 2000).

Hodges (2000) discussed how, during the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation.

In a 2000 article, Hodges discussed how, during the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation.

The references above refer to the entire source in a general way. If you are referring to a specific part of the source - or quoting exactly - include the specific page number(s) of that part:
(Hodges, 2000, p. 179)

(Devine & Sherman, 1992, pp. 156-157)

(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2007, para. 3)

(The Roddenberry legacy, 2007, paras. 5-6)

("Star trek planet classifications," n.d., Other classes section, para. 2)

Sources with three through five authors:
(Kirk, Spock, McCoy, & Scott, 1966, p. 1701) [for the first time you cite it]
(Kirk et al., 1966, p. 1701) [for all other times you cite it]

Sources with six authors or more:
(Picard et al., 1987, p. 1701d) [for every time you cite it, but include up to six authors in the full reference, followed by ", et al." if there are more]

IMPORTANT: From Magazine to Powerpoint Presentation article, the second line up to the last line of the bibliography should be indented. Blogging does not support such. Thank you.

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Mental Exercises

Good day to all my Engl 2 (Writing in the Discipline) students. The following mental exercises should all be answered, to be presented on Wednesday (January 14). Kindly place your answers in a clean sheet of paper. Thak you and happy thinking.

Task 1

Instruction: Divide the following text into paragraphs. Remember that each paragraph should develop a particular theme.

How to Stop Yourself Snoring?

Snoring is caused when the airway at the back of the nose and throat becomes partially obstructed. This is usually due to the loosening of the surrounding oropharyngeal muscles, but the reasons why this should occur are varied. The most common are smoking, obesity and the consumption of relaxants such as alcohol and sleeping pills. As with any common ailment, there are a host of "miracle" cures advertised - but you should first try a few simple steps to see if you can halt the snoring before adopting more drastic measures. Lifestyle changes can be the most effective. If you are overweight, a loss of weight will help to reduce the pressure on your neck. You should also stop smoking and try not to drink alcohol at least four hours before you go to bed. Beyond this, try to change your regular sleeping position. Raise the head of your bed with a brick, or tie something uncomfortable into the back of your pyjamas to encourage you to sleep on your side. Both of these will help to alter the angle of your throat as you sleep, and may thus make breathing easier for you. It is also important to keep your nasal passage clear and unblocked. Allergies, colds and hay fever can temporarily cause you to snore; nasal decongestants may help, but you are not advised to use such remedies for long periods. Nasal strips, as worn by sportspeople, have been proven to reduce nasal airway resistance by up to 30 per cent, so consider these as a long-term alternative. If this fails, then you may wish to look at the varied snoring aids that are on the market. They range from neck collars that stop your neck tilting, through to mandibular-advancement devices (such as gumshields) which reduce upper airway resistance, and tongue-retaining devices. You can also buy essential-oil products that are added to warm water and infused or consumed before bedtime. They claim to tone up your palate and unblock your nasal passage. Finally, if your symptoms persist, visit your GP or contact the British Snoring and Sleep Apnoea Association (01737 557 997) for advice. If you do not, your partner might.

Task 2

Instruction: Look at the following text about growing cotton in India. The paragraphs have not been written in the correct order. Arrange the paragraphs in the correct order. Remember that the topic of one paragraph should follow logically from the topic of the last paragraph and should lead on to the topic of the next paragraph.

Pesticide suicide

Most of the farmers are extremely poor. Attracted by cheap loans from pesticides traders and the prospect of a quick buck, they borrowed heavily to raise cotton on small plots of land.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the crop losses and destruction in Andhra Pradesh arose from the repeated application of excessive amounts of chemicals - a practice actively encouraged by pesticides traders.
The suicide of Samala Mallaiah in Nagara village grabbed media headlines. He owned one acre of land, leased two more and grew cotton on all three. After making a loss in the first year, he leased yet more land in an attempt to recover. Confronted with falling prices, mounting debts and pest attacks, he committed harakiri. ‘Cotton has given us shattered dreams,’ said one old farmer in Nagara village.
As many as 60,000 small farmers in the region of Andhra Pradesh, southern India, have taken to farming cotton instead of food crops. Some 20 of them have recently committed suicide by eating lethal doses of pesticide.
Whitefly, boll weevils and caterpillars multiplied and destroyed their crops, despite the constant application of pesticides. The average yield of cotton fields in Andhra Pradesh fell by more than half in just one year. Now the farmers are in no position to repay the loans or feed their families.
Nearly half the pesticides used in India go into protecting cotton, the most important commercial crop in the country. However, pests have shown increased immunity to a range of pesticides. Last year there were heavy crop losses due to leaf-curl, which is caused by the dreaded whitefly. This nondescript, milky-white fly sucks sap from the cotton leaves, making them curl and dry up. The fly struck first in Pakistan and north-western India. Then it turned south.

Task 3

Instruction: Put the following sentences in the correct order to produce well organised paragraphs.

Paragraph 1

a. For a lightweight poster or sign, you can use either offset book stock or cover stock.
b. You'll probably have to take your publication to a commercial printer, however, since bristol won't feed through most desktop printers or copy machines.
c. The type of paper you choose for a poster or a sign depends on how it will be reproduced and how it is going to be used.
d. If you need to create a more durable poster or sign, or create packaging, bristol stock is your best choice.

Paragraph 2

a. It's rare, but not unheard of, for mail to go astray.
b. And many corporate mail servers have had growing pains, too, experiencing holdups and the odd deletion.
c. On the whole though, you can assume email will arrive.
d. However during 1997, AOL and Microsoft Network - to name just the big players - had severe mail outages resulting in the delay, and in some cases loss, of email.
e. In general Internet email is considerably more reliable than the postal service.

Paragraph 3

a. Time may indicate the importance of the occasion as well as on what level an interaction between persons is to take place.
b. The same applies for calls after 11:00 P.M.
c. Different parts of the day, for example, are highly significant in certain contexts.
d. Our realisation that time talks is even reflected in such common expressions as, "What time does the clock say?"
e. In the United States if you telephone someone very early in the morning, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call usually signals a matter of utmost importance and extreme urgency.
f. A call received during sleeping hours is apt to be taken as a matter of life and death, hence the rude joke value of these calls among the young.

Paragraph 4

a. But modern anthropology stands opposed to the view that anatomy is destiny.
b. Men are taller, heavier, and stronger than women; hence it is "natural" that hunting and warfare should be male specialities.
c. Men have higher levels of testosterone; hence they are "naturally" more aggressive, sexually and otherwise, and are "naturally" dominant over women.
d. Since differences in the anatomy and physiology of human males and females are so obvious it is easy to be misled into believing that sex-linked roles and statuses are primarily biological rather than cultural phenomena.
e. As the underlying demographic, technological, economic, and ecological conditions to which these sex-linked roles are adapted change, new cultural definitions of sex-linked roles will emerge.
f. Moreover since women menstruate, become pregnant, and lactate, they "naturally" are the ones to stay at home to care for and feed infants and children.
g. Nor are women born with an innate tendency to care for infants and children and to be sexually and politically subordinate.
h. Rather it has been the case that under a broad but finite set of cultural and natural conditions certain sex-linked specialities have been selected for in a large number of cultures.
i. Males are not born with an innate tendency to be hunters or warriors or to be sexually and politically dominant over women.

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